In the early 1940s, Henry Ford experimented with making plastic parts for automobiles. He came up with what was called the 'plastic car made from soybeans.'
Since that decade, when mass plastic production began from oil-based materials, its use has surged dramatically, becoming a big part of our daily lives. The resulting unwanted plastic pollution crisis and awareness of depleting fossil fuel reserves has driven research toward alternative, sustainable materials.
Extending the hunt for sustainable materials as an alternative to fossil fuel-derived plastics, Indian scientists at the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) are working with the humble drylands crop plant sorghum (jowar) and a bunch of microbial minions to help shape a bio-based plastic future.
Commonly used bioplastic feedstocks (raw materials) are cellulose, starch, glucose and vegetable oil.
"We need a good amount of feedstock. Sorghum is a rich source of starch like corn and potato. Starch-based edible cutlery is popular across the world," A Ashok Kumar, sorghum breeder at ICRISAT, told Mongabay India.
For example, Bakeys, a Hyderabad-based company produces edible spoons made by baking a dough consisting primarily of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor), with some additional wheat and rice flour.
A start-up in the Czech Republic is experimenting with producing an edible coffee cup composed of a cereal-based crisp waffle.
"Currently people are using sugarcane bagasse as source material for bioplastic but here we have developed a sorghum that is far more effective for biomass-based plastic and will be much cheaper and more sustainable," Ashok Kumar said.
He was referring to sorghum cultivars (RVICSH 28 and ICSV 18542) that have high biomass yields and more ratoonability (yielding more than one harvest from a single planting) making them amenable for crafting into bioplastics.
"In line with sugarcane, corn, cassava and sugar beet, high biomass sorghum has very good potential with wider adaptability, is fast growing (completes life cycle in four months), and has high biomass production with its efficient C4 photosynthetic pathway. It can be grown in rainfed conditions with low-nutrients," Ashok Kumar said.
High biomass sorghum hybrids, grown in a hectare, churn out 20 tonnes of dry mass in four months that is double that of normal sorghum and four times when compared to paddy.
Specific techniques are employed to convert these feedstocks into thermoplastic starch, poly-lactic acid, polyhydroxylalkanoates, poly-3-hydroxybutyrate, polyamide 11 and biopolyethylene, which can be processed into biodegradable polymers.
Sorghum biomass specifically, is transformed into polylactic acid which is further processed into bioplastic. In the transformation process, sorghum bagasse has to go through sacharification, fermentation and polymerisation. Bacterial fermentation of sugars derived from sorghum biomass produces lactic acid which is then synthesised by polymerisation to produce polylactic acid.
Ashok Kumar explained when starch is used as feedstock it is put through a sacharification process using enzymes to produce liquid glucose. Special bacteria or fungi can produce lactic acid monomers from liquid glucose. The monomer is then polymerised to produce polylactic acid, a biodegradable polymer.
"Whatever chemicals are used for generating normal plastic from oil, the same are used here. The major difference is that you are tapping into a plant-based raw material. So it is biodegradable but you make it synthetically," Kumar said.
A single search online is indicative of the slowly changing narrative, in favour of bioplastics. Carry bags for shopping, packing material for food items and meats, bin liners for hotels, cutlery, nursery plant pots and trays, wet waste compost bag, plant seed bag, cling wrap, food wrapper and a plethora of products made from plant-based materials vie for attention.
Do-it-yourself (DIY) 'plastic from starch' videos are also part of the throng on sustainable solutions.
The production and use of bioplastics is considered as a sustainable solution due to the low emission of greenhouse gasses.
But there are challenges too at both ends of the production cycle. It takes a significant amount of energy to manufacture these plastics and there are question marks on their biodegradability.
Can bioplastic fit in within the current industry infrastructure and does it put pressure on forests (to convert into land for growing feedstock plants)?
For starters, the ICRISAT Microbiology Team has in hand three microbial strains that can speed up the break down of the used bioplastic mass (64 per cent degradation in 60 days).
"We identified certain microbes (Myceliophthora thermophila ATCC-48104, Aspergillus awamori and Bacillus subtilis) that will degrade the bioplastic very quickly. They are also biodegradable by themselves but you can hasten up the degradation with any of the microbes," he said.
Although at this stage, bioplastics are slightly costlier than normal petrochemical-derived plastics and can't be moulded into a variety of things, Ashok Kumar asserts it is worth the effort and expense.
Currently, bioplastics represent about one per cent of the about 320 million tons of plastic produced annually.
But with rising demand and with more sophisticated materials, applications and products emerging, the market is already growing by about 20 to 100 per cent each year.
"It is worth the effort of making bio-plastics, as it is partly or wholly made from sustainable plant sources and it will blend in with the mainstream plastic supply chain except for the usage of raw material and the production process. Going forward it is the era of ‘green technologies' and irrespective of the cost considerations we need to embrace them for the sustenance of life on earth," Ashok Kumar added.
A report by UN Environment that assesses the potential of replacing certain conventional plastics applications with alternative materials states that is neither possible nor desirable to remove all plastics from society, but alternatives can have a significant role in reducing our dependence.
It further adds that the "purposeful agricultural production of biomass to supply the biopolymer industry has to be balanced against the need to support food production and preserve biodiversity."
"The use of alternatives must be part of a broader strategy towards more sustainable production patterns, particularly for packaging and other single-use items, including the principles of redesign, reduce, reduce and facilitating recycling," the report said.
